Spheroid cell culture is a type of scaffold-free 3D cell culture method. Spheroids are formed by the self-assembly of cells. Generally, spheroid formation takes place in 3 steps (1-3). 1. Formation of loosely packed cell aggregates via integrin-ECM binding 2. Expression and

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have gained more popularity over the last decade due to the advantages of better mimicking the in vivo microenvironment and tissue microarchitecture. However, applications of 3D cell culture models in high-throughput biomedical research are limited

Magnetic 3D bioprinting uses magnetic fields to manipulate the positioning of magnetic nanoparticles or magnetized cells during the 3D printing process. The process of magnetic 3D bioprinting involves the following steps (1,2): 1. Preparing the magnetic particles or cells: Magnetic particles or