Hubert et al. were the first to report culturing glioblastoma as a more complex organoid composed of multiple cell types rather than relatively homogenous 3D spheroid. They had successfully created these GBM organoids from patient derived primary cultures, xenografts and…
Animal models for specific diseases require a pre-existing insight into whether it’s the causative or a genetic condition. They are created by applying harmful conditions to animals or by manipulating the genes involved for a particular disorder respectively, whereas three…
Human organoids are a vital source for precision medicine. They can be useful to select an appropriate drug for the patients with genetic diseases or cancer. Cystic fibrosis is a relatively common genetic disease with approximately 90,000 patients suffering with…
The advances in spheroid technology in particular, neurospheres has led to establishment of “mammospheres”; a mammalian cancer spheroid derived from human mammary epithelial cells. This has been an important milestone for breast cancer research as the presence of potential breast…
Cell therapy refers to as the transfer of autologous or allogenic cellular material into a patient for medical purpose. In the year 1889, the first practices of cell therapy were done by Charles-Edouard Brown-Sequard in hormone therapy back then. He…
A brain organoid is a self-organizing three-dimensional tissue structure derived from human embryonic stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. They show the ability to stimulate the architecture and functionality of the human brain. Recent publications have reported that brain organoids…
Glioblastoma (GBM) is considered as among the most severe tumours across cancer types, and among brain tumours is considered most lethal. At present glioblastomas are incurable. These are aggressive tumours, infiltrating healthy neural tissues to the point of rendering surgical…
Cancer stem cells constitute a fraction of cancer cells, that are able to self renew, and differentiate to generate entire tumor structures. These cells were discovered in the 1990s, in hemopoietic cancers, and subsequently reported to be present in solid…
Tumor cells typically grow in 3-dimentional configurations. The surrounding tumor microenvironment is composed of non-tumor cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM). Within this microenvironment, tumor cells face hard growth conditions that include low oxygen exposure and nutrient levels and a susceptible…
Cellular assays or cell-based assays are essential tools for studying cellular mechanisms in live cells. Many cellular assays are designed and optimized for identifying or quantifying a specific response to an external stimulus. Assays can be divided into few categories…