Pre-clinical cell-based assays have become a crucial tool in the advancement of biomedical and pharmaceutical studies, particularly in developing diagnostic tools, drug discovery, pathophysiological research, and regenerative medicine. Cell based assays allow for reduced use of expensive animal models and…
Stem cells have the capacity to self-renew to produce additional stem cells by process of mitosis. They can be classified as multipotent (ability to give rise to multiple cells within a lineage), pluripotent (ability to give rise to cell types…
Spheroids are three-dimensional structures that can be used as 3D cell culture models. It has been extensively shown that they mimic both architectural and structural property of human tissues. Spheroids play an increasingly crucial role in the context of drug…
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of human embryos in the blastocysts stage of development. They show an unlimited capacity to self-renew in culture systems both in vivo and in vitro. …
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid that can be found in all living cells and has structural similarities to DNA. Unlike DNA, RNA is single-stranded. An RNA molecule has a backbone made of alternating phosphate group and the sugar…
Transfection is a widely used technique to introduce foreign nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells. It is an essential tool enabling studies on gene function and gene products in cells. Advances in research techniques have enabled the transfection of various types…
Genomics describes the sequences and analysis of an essential part of the nuclear genome of a given organism. Palaeogenomics is the study of ancient genomes, especially those of extinct organisms. In the field of palaeogenomics, Svante Pääbo has made stunning…
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that contains the biological and genetic information that make each species and each individual unique. In eukaryotes, DNA is found inside a specialised area of the cell called nucleus. Due to the small size…
In 1970s, the development of genetic engineering – manipulation of DNA or RNA established a novel frontier in genome editing (1). Over the past few years, the development of genome editing has revolutionized research on the human genome, which has…
The size of an organ or organism depends mainly on its total cell mass, which depends on both, the total number of cells and the size of cells. Cell number, in turn, depends on the amounts of cell division and…